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I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mg4BdBdt 0p| p@  <4dd@x 0t<4dd@x 0tg47d7d  0p p *<ʚ;pj8ʚ;<4dddd@ x 0@___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6 ___PPT9/ 0XTY,?Z 12/3/2005 ,Communication NetworksO =_!-)Mobile Computing COE 446 Network Planning** )$DTarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/tarek/EPE* 0DzVWireless Network Topology $The main benefit and elements of a cellular network planning by relating the bandwidth, number of cells, frequency of reuse factor and capacity of the network The number of simultaneous users using the cell is given by: A cellular topology reduces the coverage of both of MTs and BS The reduction of the size of coverage lowers the required transmitted power, which increases the battery lifetime and reduces the sizes of MTs and BSs The larger the number of cells, the larger the capacity and the smaller the size of mobile devices"l PP>dWWireless Network Topology.. $We need a fixed network infrastructure to interconnect the cells and ensure that the entire system works in a coordinated manner The more number of cells, the more number of handoffs and the more complex the design of network We need to address the following technical issues for planning a cellular network: Selection of frequency reuse pattern Physical deployment and radio coverage modeling The growth of the network Analysis of the relationship between the capacity, cell size and cost of infrastructure b5l PPH PPl PP5XWireless Network Topology.. $mCellular Hierarchy Three reasons for hierarch To extend the coverage to the areas that are difficult to cover by a large cell To increase the capacity of the network for those areas that have a high density of users Some applications need certain coverage The cellular hierarchy is classified as follows: Femtocells: the smallest unit of the cellular hierarchy used for connection of personal equipments (notebooks, notepads,..). They cover few meters, where all these devices in physical range of the user Picocells: small cells inside a building that support indoor network such as WLANs. They cover few tens of meters l PPH PP nPP1H PP< nPP nPP1  g>1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TP%  0` 33PP` 3333` ___MMM` 13` 333fpKNāvI` j@v۩ῑ΂H` Q_{>?" dd@,?n<d@ `7 `2@`7``2 n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>   H l (  H  H <" F A   H TXd" F A   H <"U_ F A   H T!d">& F A   H N&"P F A   H <@*"p F A   H C x,?d?"bUv F A    H 60 "U  X Click to edit Master title style!! 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H E y   H  0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +  0  DL(  Dx D c $V H U    D s *_ H   "p`PpH D 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +  0 0 HL(  Hx H c $l H U    H s *s H   "p`PpH H 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +  0 @ LL(  Lx L c $@ H U    L s * H   "p`PpH L 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B + 0 P PD(  P P ZA ??S} P ZA ??x H P 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.ɧ'.1+D=' = @B +  0  \L(  \x \ c $ H U    \ s *< H   "p`PpH \ 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B + 0  X(  X X ZA ??   X T( ??  X Triangular and rectangular cells! *2! H X 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.ɧq+D=' = @B +0 0 G?p T(  T T ZA ??LtZ  T T ??  YArranging regular hexagons that can cover a given area without creating ambiguous regionsZ *2Z H T 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.ɧ0'p+D=' = @B +  0  `L(  `x ` c $ H U    ` s * H   "p`PpH ` 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +  0  d(  dx d c $T  H U    d0 TA ? ? H   N   % d T ??7L  DL = distance between cochannels, N = cluster size, and RL = cell radius This quantity is also referred to as cochannel reuse ratio Values of N are taken from: i2 + ij + j2, i and j are integersI *2{ 2 7 Y   H d 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +H 0 _W p(  p3 p T  ??L  If we take i = 2 and j = 1, we see that N = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7. Selecting a cell A, we can determine its cochannel cell by moving two units along one face of the hexagon and more unit in a direction 60o or 120o to this direction. Clusters of size N = 7 can be created as in figure page 13. v*$,$,P$& p T+  ??@ AExample *2  p 6T%  U ICell Fundamentals.. $H p 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.ϧAR\+D=' = @B + 0 )! l(  l l ZA ??# l T3  ?? % s;Hexagonal cellular architecture with a cluster size of N =7< *2< H l 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.ϧڒ+D=' = @B +  0 0 tk(  tx t c $8  H U    t TC  ??/ / The number of cells in a cluster N determines the amount of cochannel interference and also the number of frequency channels available per cell. With fixed-channel allocation, each cluster uses Nc channels and each cell uses Nc/N, where Nc= channel available for the entire system It desirable to maximize the number of channels allocated to a cell, therefore, N should be as small as possible But, reducing N increases the Sr Actual deployment is far more complication because of irregular differing cell sizes and propagation mechanisms  }2     q P rH t 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +  0 ` n(  x  c $D  H U     Tl  ??o$ ( It is given as: Where, Pdesired is the strength of the signal from the desired BS and PPinterference, i is the signal strength from the ith interference BS The signal strength falls as some power of the distance  called the power-distance gradient or path loss gradient  }2 }2 }2 }2t }2 }2 8 " J<>7$ 0 TA ? ? H ea    H  0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +  0 @  x(  xx x c $u  H U   H x T  ??]  The transmitted power Pt, after a distance d in meters, the signal ratio will be proportional to Ptd- In most simple case, the signal strength falls as the square of the distance in free space (=2) If we have BS1 and BS2 located in an area with same transmit power Pt and an MT is at distance of d1 from BS1 and d2 from BS2I }2 J  r  .     a  x Z ??H x 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +  0 2* (  x  c $ H U     TF ??o$  Let us assume that the MT is trying to communicate with BS1, then the signal from BS2 is interference The larger the ratio d2/d1, the better the performance  }2 }2 }2 }2;  *  !  Z ??j  S A  ??"?  H  0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +c 0 P |%(  |X | C SLU   | S X     '` H | 0~ηo ? ̙3380___PPT10.4P?Q!d 0 p 1(  ^  S SLU    c $     '` H  0~ηo ? ̙3380___PPT10.4P?Q!e 0  1(  ^  S SLU    c $`     '` H  0~ηo ? ̙3380___PPT10.4P?Qyx}|SGل`mɅqvo˦,`PR! 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I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mqg4BdBdt 0p| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7d  0p p *<ʚ;pj8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 ___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9/ 0XTY,?Z 12/3/2005 ,Communication NetworksO =+!-)Mobile Computing COE 446 Network Planning** )$BTarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE http://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek CPC+ 0AzVWireless Network Topology $The main benefit and elements of a cellular network planning by relating the bandwidth, number of cells, frequency of reuse factor and capacity of the network The number of simultaneous users using the cell is given by: A cellular topology reduces the coverage of both of MTs and BS The reduction of the size of coverage lowers the required transmitted power, which increases the battery lifetime and reduces the sizes of MTs and BSs The larger the number of cells, the larger the capacity and the smaller the size of mobile devices"l PP>dWWireless Network Topology.. $We need a fixed network infrastructure to interconnect the cells and ensure that the entire system works in a coordinated manner The more number of cells, the more number of handoffs and the more complex the design of network We need to address the following technical issues for planning a cellular network: Selection of frequency reuse pattern Physical deployment and radio coverage modeling The growth of the network Analysis of the relationship between the capacity, cell size and cost of infrastructure b5l PPH PPl PP5XWireless Network Topology.. $mCellular Hierarchy Three reasons for hierarch To extend the coverage to the areas that are difficult to cover by a large cell To increase the capacity of the network for those areas that have a high density of users Some applications need certain coverage The cellular hierarchy is classified as follows: Femtocells: the smallest unit of the cellular hierarchy used for connection of personal equipments (notebooks, notepads,..). They cover few meters, where all these devices in physical range of the user Picocells: small cells inside a building that support indoor network such as WLANs. They cover few tens of meters l PPH PP nPP1H PP< nPP nPP1  g>1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TP 0 L c(  L x L c $X H >  r L S 0 H  `    1 L T|??8 ?Principles of Wireless Networks K. Pahlavan and P. Krishnamurth@ *2@,# H L 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.q@6+D=' = @B +rk!-G1K(  !՜.+,D՜.+,D    ( Letter Paper (8.5x11 in)Tel-Aviv University)V Times New RomanTimes New Roman (Hebrew)Tahoma WingdingsArialBlends!Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 PhotoMathType 5.0 EquationMicrosoft Equation 3.0*Mobile Computing COE 446 Network PlanningWireless Network TopologyWireless Network Topology..Wireless Network Topology..Wireless Network Topology..Slide 6Cell FundamentalsSlide 8Slide 9Cell Fundamentals..Cell Fundamentals.. Slide 12 Slide 13Cell Fundamentals..)Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation+Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titlesgo ? o {   _PID_HLINKS TemplateType GraphicType Compression ScreenSize ScreenUsage MailAddress HomePage Other DownloadOriginal DownloadIEButton UseBrowserColor BackColor TextColor LinkColor VisitedColorTransparentButton ButtonType ShowNotes NavBtnPos OutputDirA$http://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekdskeshav@cs.cornell.edu(http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/skeshav f3 F:\wwwlink\book\slides\atm_0.. ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mqg4BdBd 0p| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7dē 0p p *<ʚ;pj8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 ___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9/ 0XTY,?Z 12/3/2005 ,Communication NetworksO =+!-)Mobile Computing COE 446 Network Planning** )$BTarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE http://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek CPC+ 0AzVWireless Network Topology $The main benefit and elements of a cellular network planning by relating the bandwidth, number of cells, frequency of reuse factor and capacity of the network The number of simultaneous users using the cell is given by: A cellular topology reduces the coverage of both of MTs and BS The reduction of the size of coverage lowers the required transmitted power, which increases the battery lifetime and reduces the sizes of MTs and BSs The larger the number of cells, the larger the capacity and the smaller the size of mobile devices"l PP>dWWireless Network Topology.. $We need a fixed network infrastructure to interconnect the cells and ensure that the entire system works in a coordinated manner The more number of cells, the more number of handoffs and the more complex the design of network We need to address the following technical issues for planning a cellular network: Selection of frequency reuse pattern Physical deployment and radio coverage modeling The growth of the network Analysis of the relationship between the capacity, cell size and cost of infrastructure b5l PPH PPl PP5XWireless Network Topology.. $mCellular Hierarchy Three reasons for hierarch To extend the coverage to the areas that are difficult to cover by a large cell To increase the capacity of the network for those areas that have a high density of users Some applications need certain coverage The cellular hierarchy is classified as follows: Femtocells: the smallest unit of the cellular hierarchy used for connection of personal equipments (notebooks, notepads,..). They cover few meters, where all these devices in physical range of the user Picocells: small cells inside a building that support indoor network such as WLANs. They cover few tens of meters l PPH PP nPP1H PP< nPP nPP1  g>1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TPI  0` 33PP` 3333` ___MMM` 13` 333fpKNāvI` j@v۩ῑ΂H` Q_{>?" dd@,?n<d@ `7 `2@`7``2 n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>   H  (  H  H <" H A  H T,d" H A  H <"U_ H A  H TD,d">& H A  H NH,"P H A  H <p ,"p H A  H C xt ,?d?"bUv H A   H 6t "U , X Click to edit Master title style!! (  H 0, "  , RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    S X  H 6, "@n ,VN___PPT90(@@ n**   H 6, "@`  , `* P  H 6, "`` ,H@___PPT9"@ t*, # H  BA ;??" ;B H s *޽h ? 33z33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  Blendsrm{7^H1K(   1;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 PhotoEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0+Fhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTTzܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ h"`"P'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mqg4BdBd 0      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz|}~p| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7dē 0p p *<ʚ;pj8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 ___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9/ 0XTY,?Z 12/3/2005 ,Communication NetworksO =+!-)Mobile Computing COE 446 Network Planning** )$BTarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE http://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek CPC+ 0AzVWireless Network Topology $The main benefit and elements of a cellular network planning by relating the bandwidth, number of cells, frequency of reuse factor and capacity of the network The number of simultaneous users using the cell is given by: A cellular topology reduces the coverage of both of MTs and BS The reduction of the size of coverage lowers the required transmitted power, which increases the battery lifetime and reduces the sizes of MTs and BSs The larger the number of cells, the larger the capacity and the smaller the size of mobile devices"l PP>dWWireless Network Topology.. $We need a fixed network infrastructure to interconnect the cells and ensure that the entire system works in a coordinated manner The more number of cells, the more number of handoffs and the more complex the design of network We need to address the following technical issues for planning a cellular network: Selection of frequency reuse pattern Physical deployment and radio coverage modeling The growth of the network Analysis of the relationship between the capacity, cell size and cost of infrastructure b5l PPH PPl PP5XWireless Network Topology.. $mCellular Hierarchy Three reasons for hierarch To extend the coverage to the areas that are difficult to cover by a large cell To increase the capacity of the network for those areas that have a high density of users Some applications need certain coverage The cellular hierarchy is classified as follows: Femtocells: the smallest unit of the cellular hierarchy used for connection of personal equipments (notebooks, notepads,..). They cover few meters, where all these devices in physical range of the user Picocells: small cells inside a building that support indoor network such as WLANs. They cover few tens of meters l PPH PP nPP1H PP< nPP nPP1  g>1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TPrI^H1K(   1;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 PhotoEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0+Fhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTTzܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ h"`"P'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mqg4BdBd 0p| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7dē 0p p *<ʚ;pj8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 ___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9/ 0XTY,?Z 12/3/2005 ,Communication NetworksO =+!-)Mobile Computing COE 446 Network Planning** )$BTarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE http://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek CPC+ 0AzVWireless Network Topology $The main benefit and elements of a cellular network planning by relating the bandwidth, number of cells, frequency of reuse factor and capacity of the network The number of simultaneous users using the cell is given by: A cellular topology reduces the coverage of both of MTs and BS The reduction of the size of coverage lowers the required transmitted power, which increases the battery lifetime and reduces the sizes of MTs and BSs The larger the number of cells, the larger the capacity and the smaller the size of mobile devices"l PP>dWWireless Network Topology.. $We need a fixed network infrastructure to interconnect the cells and ensure that the entire system works in a coordinated manner The more number of cells, the more number of handoffs and the more complex the design of network We need to address the following technical issues for planning a cellular network: Selection of frequency reuse pattern Physical deployment and radio coverage modeling The growth of the network Analysis of the relationship between the capacity, cell size and cost of infrastructure b5l PPH PPl PP5XWireless Network Topology.. $mCellular Hierarchy Three reasons for hierarch To extend the coverage to the areas that are difficult to cover by a large cell To increase the capacity of the network for those areas that have a high density of users Some applications need certain coverage The cellular hierarchy is classified as follows: Femtocells: the smallest unit of the cellular hierarchy used for connection of personal equipments (notebooks, notepads,..). They cover few meters, where all these devices in physical range of the user Picocells: small cells inside a building that support indoor network such as WLANs. They cover few tens of meters l PPH PP nPP1H PP< nPP nPP1  g>1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TPrĔ^L1K(   7;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 PhotoEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0+Fhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTTzܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ h"`"P'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mqg4dddd 0p| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7dē 0p p *<ʚ;pj8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 ___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9/ 0XTY,?Z 12/3/2005 ,Communication NetworksO =+!-)Mobile Computing COE 446 Network Planning** )$BTarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE http://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek CPC+ 0AzVWireless Network Topology $The main benefit and elements of a cellular network planning by relating the bandwidth, number of cells, frequency of reuse factor and capacity of the network The number of simultaneous users using the cell is given by: A cellular topology reduces the coverage of both of MTs and BS The reduction of the size of coverage lowers the required transmitted power, which increases the battery lifetime and reduces the sizes of MTs and BSs The larger the number of cells, the larger the capacity and the smaller the size of mobile devices"l PP>dWWireless Network Topology.. $We need a fixed network infrastructure to interconnect the cells and ensure that the entire system works in a coordinated manner The more number of cells, the more number of handoffs and the more complex the design of network We need to address the following technical issues for planning a cellular network: Selection of frequency reuse pattern Physical deployment and radio coverage modeling The growth of the network Analysis of the relationship between the capacity, cell size and cost of infrastructure b5l PPH PPl PP5XWireless Network Topology.. $mCellular Hierarchy Three reasons for hierarch To extend the coverage to the areas that are difficult to cover by a large cell To increase the capacity of the network for those areas that have a high density of users Some applications need certain coverage The cellular hierarchy is classified as follows: Femtocells: the smallest unit of the cellular hierarchy used for connection of personal equipments (notebooks, notepads,..). They cover few meters, where all these devices in physical range of the user Picocells: small cells inside a building that support indoor network such as WLANs. They cover few tens of meters l PPH PP nPP1H PP< nPP nPP1  g>1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TPr-\,1^K(   =;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 PhotoEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0+Fhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTT ܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ h"`"P'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mqg4dddd: 0p| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7d= 0p p *<ʚ;pj8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 ___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9/ 0XTY,?Z 12/3/2005 ,Communication NetworksO = !-)Mobile Computing COE 446 Network Planning** )$BTarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE http://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek CPC+ 0AzVWireless Network Topology $The main benefit and elements of a cellular network planning by relating the bandwidth, number of cells, frequency of reuse factor and capacity of the network The number of simultaneous users using the system is given by: A cellular topology reduces the coverage of both of MTs and BS The reduction of the size of coverage lowers the required transmitted power, which increases the battery lifetime and reduces the sizes of MTs and BSs The larger the number of cells, the larger the capacity and the smaller the size of mobile devices"l PPdWWireless Network Topology.. $We need a fixed network infrastructure to interconnect the cells and ensure that the entire system works in a coordinated manner The more number of cells, the more number of handoffs and the more complex the design of network We need to address the following technical issues for planning a cellular network: Selection of frequency reuse pattern Physical deployment and radio coverage modeling The growth of the network Analysis of the relationship between the capacity, cell size and cost of infrastructure b5l PPH PPl PP5XWireless Network Topology.. $mCellular Hierarchy Three reasons for hierarch To extend the coverage to the areas that are difficult to cover by a large cell To increase the capacity of the network for those areas that have a high density of users Some applications need certain coverage The cellular hierarchy is classified as follows: Femtocells: the smallest unit of the cellular hierarchy used for connection of personal equipments (notebooks, notepads,..). They cover few meters, where all these devices in physical range of the user Picocells: small cells inside a building that support indoor network such as WLANs. They cover few tens of meters l PPH PP nPP1H PP< nPP nPP1  g>1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TPM  0 d\  (   x  c $hީ H U     s *ю H   "p`Pp  0 TA ? ? H E y   H  0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +r<,zwV,z1^K(   C;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 PhotoEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0+Fhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTT ̫ܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ h"`"P'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mqg4ddddΫ 0p| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7d@ 0p p *<ʚ;pj8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 ___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9/ 0XTY,?Z 12/3/2005 ,Communication NetworksO = !-)Mobile Computing COE 446 Network Planning** )$BTarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE http://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek CPC+ 0AzVWireless Network Topology $The main benefit and elements of a cellular network planning by relating the bandwidth, number of cells, frequency of reuse factor and capacity of the network The number of simultaneous users using the system is given by: A cellular topology reduces the coverage of both of MTs and BS The reduction of the size of coverage lowers the required transmitted power, which increases the battery lifetime and reduces the sizes of MTs and BSs The larger the number of cells, the larger the capacity and the smaller the size of mobile devices"l PPdWWireless Network Topology.. $We need a fixed network infrastructure to interconnect the cells and ensure that the entire system works in a coordinated manner The more number of cells, the more number of handoffs and the more complex the design of network We need to address the following technical issues for planning a cellular network: Selection of frequency reuse pattern Physical deployment and radio coverage modeling The growth of the network Analysis of the relationship between the capacity, cell size and cost of infrastructure b5l PPH PPl PP5XWireless Network Topology.. $mCellular Hierarchy Three reasons for hierarch To extend the coverage to the areas that are difficult to cover by a large cell To increase the capacity of the network for those areas that have a high density of users Some applications need certain coverage The cellular hierarchy is classified as follows: Femtocells: the smallest unit of the cellular hierarchy used for connection of personal equipments (notebooks, notepads,..). They cover few meters, where all these devices in physical range of the user Picocells: small cells inside a building that support indoor network such as WLANs. They cover few tens of meters l PPH PP nPP1H PP< nPP nPP1  g>1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TPr3{V{1^K(   I;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 PhotoEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0+Fhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTTRoܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ h"`"P'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mqg4dddd1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TP  0 0 t(  tx t c $G H U    t T< ??/ OThe number of cells in a cluster N determines the amount of cochannel interference and also the number of frequency channels available per cell. With fixed-channel allocation, each cluster uses Nc channels and each cell uses Nc/N, where Nc= channel available for the entire system It desirable to maximize the number of channels allocated to a cell, therefore, N should be as small as possible But, reducing N increases the Sr Actual deployment is far more complication because of irregular differing cell sizes and propagation mechanisms }2     q b r H t 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +r3b1^K(   I;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 PhotoEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0+Fhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTTRoܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ h"`"P'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mqg4KdKd1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TP  0 ` ^(  x  c $ H U     T ??o$U z$ It is given as: Where, Pdesired is the strength of the signal from the desired BS and PPinterference, i is the signal strength from the ith interference BS The signal strength falls as some power of the distance  called the power-distance gradient or path loss gradient }2 }2 }2 }2s }2 8 " I;>7$ 0 TA ? ? H ea   H  0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +  0 @  x(  xx x c $ H U   V x T ??]  The transmitted power Pt, after a distance d in meters, the signal ratio will be proportional to Ptd- In most simple case, the signal strength falls as the square of the distance in free space (=2) If we have BS1 and BS2 located in an area with same transmit power Pt and an MT is at distance of d1 from BS1 and d2 from BS2I }2 J  r  .     a  x Z ??H x 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +(  0 ?7 (  x  c $  H U     T  ??o$ Let us assume that the MT is trying to communicate with BS1, then the signal from BS2 is interference The larger the ratio d2/d1, the better the performance  }2 }2 }2 }2:  *  !  Z ??j  S A  ??"?  H  0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.c+D=' = @B +r [jcyqe7v1^K(   I;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFPhotoEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0+Fhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTTRoܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ h"`"P'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mqg4KdKd1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TPrvcv[1^K(   I;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 PhotoEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.DSMT40*MathType 5.0 EquationEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0+Fhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTTRoܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ h"`"P'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0   b$ӽfi ceEBeb$ =%HM~)G b$Z]1lK=NL9b$yq:Ow*p"_] 2b$W'=n 2$Sb((D@`{b$o3EG0I`~*~2$ƜY?l2$ |ʹqmX2$EI"GVoT 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mqg4KdKd1  D!YWireless Network Topology.. $Cellular Hierarchy Microcells: cells cover the inside streets with antennas mounted at heights lower than the rooftop of building along the streets. They cover hundreds of meters and are used in urban areas Macrocells: traditional cellular network. They cover areas on the order of kilometers and their antenna are mounted above the rooftop of typical buildings in the coverage area. Megacells: cover nationwide areas with range of hundreds of kilometers and mainly used for satellites l PP nPPI PP   \>   ^Z]Cell Fundamentals $In practice cells are of arbitrary shape (close to circle) Mathematical analysis is easier to analyze the topology For cell of the same shape to form tessellation so that there are no ambiguous areas that belong to multiple cells or to no cell The cell shape can be only of three types regular polygons: equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon A hexagon cell is the closest approximation to circle of these three and has been used traditionally for system designH PZ\[^Cell Fundamentals.. $wIn order to investigate the effects of interference, which changes with distance, there is a need to come up with a way of determining distances and identify cells In order to maximize the capacity, cochannel cells must be places as far apart as possible for a given cluster size It can be shown there only that six cochannel cells for a given reference cell at this distancexH Px_Cell Fundamentals.. $a`bCell Fundamentals.. $d(Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation) )$c*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$e*Signal-to-Interference Ratio Calculation..+ +$/TPrck 1Root EntrydO)gd_PicturesqCurrent User"/SummaryInformation(RLU      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEF      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz|}~}M  ! f3 F:\wwwlink\book\slides\atm_tarektarek