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I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0       h$$$$b$W'=nb$2 K>.46 2kPnb$Q`tsj.&Í"b$W4aGuμA;&b$ O\Q[ʘN_ b$x.{?cOԟVb$ Ć9ٗ|Q s$b$ >%5O`ob$9z`Q /KA 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@m5g4FdFdl; 0Bp| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7d$: 0p p *<ʚ;q8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 C___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9/ 0TEB?Z 7/12/2004 ,Communication NetworksO =+!-Mobile Computing COE 446 IS-95* $DTarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/tarek/EPE* 0D7 Soft handoff refers to the process by which an MT is in communication with multiple candidate BSs before finally deciding to communicate its traffic through one of them The reason for implementing soft handoff has its basis in the near-far problem and the associated power control mechanism If an MT moves far away from a BS and continues to increase its transmit power to compensate for the nearfar problem, it will very likely end up in an unstable situation It will also cause a lot of interference to MTs in neighboring cells  P>^(jG To avoid this situation and ensure that an MT is connected to the BS with the largest RSS, a soft handoff strategy is implemented An MT will continuously track all BSs nearby and communicate with multiple BSs for a short while if necessary before deciding which BS to select as its point of attachment In the IS-95 standard, three types of soft handoffs are defined The softer handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of the same cell Bo ZL Zo:,&8 The soft handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of different cells The soft-softer handoff: the candidates for handoff include two sectors from the same cell and a third sector from a different cell In all cases. the handoff decision mechanism is more or less the same The soft handoff procedure involves several base stations A controlling primary BS coordinates the addition or deletion of other base stations to the call during soft handoff < P8d;< The primary BS uses a handoff direction message (HDM) to indicate the pilot channels to be used or removed as part of the soft handoff process At some point of time, the primary BS is also changed after handoff. The signals from multiple BSs are combined in the BSC or MSC and processed as a single call This process is achieved using a frame selector join message The MT detects a pilot signal from a new BS and informs the primary BS After a traffic channel is set up with the new BS, the frame selector join message is used to select signal from both BSs at the BSC/MSC After a while, the pilot signal from the old BS starts falling, and the MT will request its removal, which is achieved via a frame selector remove message P,;=> .The pilot channels of each cell are involved in the handoff mechanism The reason behind this is that this is the only channel not subject to power control and provides a measure of the RSS The MT maintains a list of pilot channels that it can hear and classifies them into the following four categories The active set: consists of pilots that are being continuously monitored or used by the MT The MT has three RAKE fingers that allows it to monitor or use up to three pilots The active set pilot channels are indicated in the HDM on the downlink by the BS f P P P/MN? The Candidate set: can have at most six pilots, and these refer to pilots that are not in the active set but that have sufficient RSS to be demodulated and used in demodulating the associated traffic channels The Neighbor set: contains pilots that belong to neighboring cells and are intimated to the MT by a system parameters message on the paging channel The Remaining set: contains all other possible pilots in the system The receiver uses a RAKE to capture multipath components, it employs search windows to track each of the sets of pilot channels Several thresholds are used in the soft handoff procedure. These are similar to the RSS thresholds discussed in Chapter 6 R P/ A |The MT maintains a list of pilots that are being used in the active set Initially the MT is connected to one BS and only its pilot and the multipath components of the pilot are in the active set As the MT moves away, the pilot of the adjacent cell becomes stronger If its strength is above the pilot detection threshold (T_ADD), this pilot must be added to the active set and the MT enters a soft handoff region If the pilot detection threshold is too small, there may be false alarms caused by noise or interfering signals If the pilot detection threshold is too large, useful pilots are not detected, and the call may be dropped } P} E As soon as the strength of the pilot exceeds T_ADD, it is transferred to the candidate set and the MT sends the pilot strength measurement to the BS that is transmitting the pilot. The BS sends a handoff direction message to the MT at which time the pilot is transferred to the active set The MT acquires a traffic channel and sends a handoff completion message After the pilot strength drops below T_DROP, the handoff drop timer is started : ndP ndPB If the strength is still below T_DROP after the timer expires, the MT sends another pilot strength measurement to the BS associated with the pilot When it receives the corresponding HDM without the pilot in it, the MT moves the pilot to the neighbor set MT sends a handoff completion message At some point, the BS may send it a neighbor update list message that no longer contains the pilot and it is moved into the remaining set " ndPCD In CDMA systems, Co-channel and adjacent channel interference are not the major problem The interference is from other users transmitting in the same frequency band at the same time In order to avoid the near-far effect, it is important to implement good power control In order to maintain a good link quality, effects such as fading need to be countered by increasing the transmit power An important factor is that the signal strength may be good, but frames are still received in error because of interference PH Before a traffic channel is assigned, there is no closed loop power control in CDMA because the closed loop power control involves feedback from the BS that is delivered on the traffic channel 800 times per second An MT uses the transmit power that is inversely proportional to the received signal strength of pilots from all BSs An acknowledgment may not be received because of collisions or because the transmit power was low If no acknowledgement is received, a stronger access probe is transmitted . PGJ This is continued a few times, and then the attempt is stopped after a maximum power level is reached Then the process is repeated after a back-off delay up to 15 attempts to obtain a traffic channel Disadvantages The assumption that the forward and reverse link characteristics are identical, Slow response times (30 ms), and Using the total power received from all BSs in calculating the required transmit power N P P Ps.K Inner-loop power control It enables changing the transmit power value in the MT On the downlink traffic channel, a power control bit is transmitted every 1.25 ms (800 times per second) A zero bit indicates that the MS should increase its transmit power and a 1 that the MS should decrease its transmit power Every 1.25 ms, in the BS, the receiver determines the received Eb/It (the signal to interference ratio) If Eb/It is above a preset target, the MT is instructed to reduce its power by 1 dB and vise versa  P P\  )  ^,u+aL Outer-loop power control The target value in the base station controls the long-term frame error rate The FER is not linearly dependent on the Eb/It but is also a function of the velocity, fading, environment The target Eb/It is varied over time to reflect accurate values Eb/It is reduced by a value of x dB every 20 ms if the FER is small enough Typically, the value of 100x is 3 dB. 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I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0       h$$$$b$W'=nb$2 K>.46 2kPnb$Q`tsj.&Í"b$W4aGuμA;&b$ O\Q[ʘN_ b$x.{?cOԟVb$ Ć9ٗ|Q s$b$ >%5O`ob$9z`Q /KA 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mg4FdFdl; 0Bp| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7d$: 0p p *<ʚ;q8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 #___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9p/ 0TEB?Z 7/12/2004 ,Communication NetworksO =`+!-Mobile Computing COE 446 IS-95* $;Tarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek <P<p 0:7 Soft handoff refers to the process by which an MT is in communication with multiple candidate BSs before finally deciding to communicate its traffic through one of them The reason for implementing soft handoff has its basis in the near-far problem and the associated power control mechanism If an MT moves far away from a BS and continues to increase its transmit power to compensate for the nearfar problem, it will very likely end up in an unstable situation It will also cause a lot of interference to MTs in neighboring cells  P>^(jG To avoid this situation and ensure that an MT is connected to the BS with the largest RSS, a soft handoff strategy is implemented An MT will continuously track all BSs nearby and communicate with multiple BSs for a short while if necessary before deciding which BS to select as its point of attachment In the IS-95 standard, three types of soft handoffs are defined The softer handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of the same cell Bo ZL Zo:,&8 The soft handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of different cells The soft-softer handoff: the candidates for handoff include two sectors from the same cell and a third sector from a different cell In all cases. the handoff decision mechanism is more or less the same The soft handoff procedure involves several base stations A controlling primary BS coordinates the addition or deletion of other base stations to the call during soft handoff < P8d;< The primary BS uses a handoff direction message (HDM) to indicate the pilot channels to be used or removed as part of the soft handoff process At some point of time, the primary BS is also changed after handoff. The signals from multiple BSs are combined in the BSC or MSC and processed as a single call This process is achieved using a frame selector join message The MT detects a pilot signal from a new BS and informs the primary BS After a traffic channel is set up with the new BS, the frame selector join message is used to select signal from both BSs at the BSC/MSC After a while, the pilot signal from the old BS starts falling, and the MT will request its removal, which is achieved via a frame selector remove message P,;=> .The pilot channels of each cell are involved in the handoff mechanism The reason behind this is that this is the only channel not subject to power control and provides a measure of the RSS The MT maintains a list of pilot channels that it can hear and classifies them into the following four categories The active set: consists of pilots that are being continuously monitored or used by the MT The MT has three RAKE fingers that allows it to monitor or use up to three pilots The active set pilot channels are indicated in the HDM on the downlink by the BS f P P P/MN? The Candidate set: can have at most six pilots, and these refer to pilots that are not in the active set but that have sufficient RSS to be demodulated and used in demodulating the associated traffic channels The Neighbor set: contains pilots that belong to neighboring cells and are intimated to the MT by a system parameters message on the paging channel The Remaining set: contains all other possible pilots in the system The receiver uses a RAKE to capture multipath components, it employs search windows to track each of the sets of pilot channels Several thresholds are used in the soft handoff procedure. These are similar to the RSS thresholds discussed in Chapter 6 R P/ A |The MT maintains a list of pilots that are being used in the active set Initially the MT is connected to one BS and only its pilot and the multipath components of the pilot are in the active set As the MT moves away, the pilot of the adjacent cell becomes stronger If its strength is above the pilot detection threshold (T_ADD), this pilot must be added to the active set and the MT enters a soft handoff region If the pilot detection threshold is too small, there may be false alarms caused by noise or interfering signals If the pilot detection threshold is too large, useful pilots are not detected, and the call may be dropped } P} E As soon as the strength of the pilot exceeds T_ADD, it is transferred to the candidate set and the MT sends the pilot strength measurement to the BS that is transmitting the pilot. The BS sends a handoff direction message to the MT at which time the pilot is transferred to the active set The MT acquires a traffic channel and sends a handoff completion message After the pilot strength drops below T_DROP, the handoff drop timer is started : ndP ndPB If the strength is still below T_DROP after the timer expires, the MT sends another pilot strength measurement to the BS associated with the pilot When it receives the corresponding HDM without the pilot in it, the MT moves the pilot to the neighbor set MT sends a handoff completion message At some point, the BS may send it a neighbor update list message that no longer contains the pilot and it is moved into the remaining set " ndPCD In CDMA systems, Co-channel and adjacent channel interference are not the major problem The interference is from other users transmitting in the same frequency band at the same time In order to avoid the near-far effect, it is important to implement good power control In order to maintain a good link quality, effects such as fading need to be countered by increasing the transmit power An important factor is that the signal strength may be good, but frames are still received in error because of interference PH Before a traffic channel is assigned, there is no closed loop power control in CDMA because the closed loop power control involves feedback from the BS that is delivered on the traffic channel 800 times per second An MT uses the transmit power that is inversely proportional to the received signal strength of pilots from all BSs An acknowledgment may not be received because of collisions or because the transmit power was low If no acknowledgement is received, a stronger access probe is transmitted . PGJ This is continued a few times, and then the attempt is stopped after a maximum power level is reached Then the process is repeated after a back-off delay up to 15 attempts to obtain a traffic channel Disadvantages The assumption that the forward and reverse link characteristics are identical, Slow response times (30 ms), and Using the total power received from all BSs in calculating the required transmit power N P P Ps.K Inner-loop power control It enables changing the transmit power value in the MT On the downlink traffic channel, a power control bit is transmitted every 1.25 ms (800 times per second) A zero bit indicates that the MS should increase its transmit power and a 1 that the MS should decrease its transmit power Every 1.25 ms, in the BS, the receiver determines the received Eb/It (the signal to interference ratio) If Eb/It is above a preset target, the MT is instructed to reduce its power by 1 dB and vise versa  P P\  )  ^,u+aL Outer-loop power control The target value in the base station controls the long-term frame error rate The FER is not linearly dependent on the Eb/It but is also a function of the velocity, fading, environment The target Eb/It is varied over time to reflect accurate values Eb/It is reduced by a value of x dB every 20 ms if the FER is small enough Typically, the value of 100x is 3 dB. The target value may be rapidly increased if the FER starts to increase This mechanism to change the target Eb/It is called the outer-loop power control. , P Pw  I  1  Fw  'PK3.IM Power control on the forward link is employed to reduce intercell interference A mobile assisted power control is used The MS periodically reports the FER on the forward link to the BS station, which will then adjust its transmit power accordingly Maximum and minimum transmit power values are preset to prevent excessive interference and to avoid allowing voice quality to drop respectively  P8 HP 0 L c(  L x L c $,HR H > R r L S R H  `   R 1 L TR??8 ?Principles of Wireless Networks K. Pahlavan and P. Krishnamurth@ *2@,# H L 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.q@6+D=' 2= @B +rɜ!F- 1ue(  x p;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 Photop8www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek ՜.+,D՜.+,X    ( Letter Paper (8.5x11 in)Tel-Aviv University] d Times New RomanTimes New Roman (Hebrew)Tahoma WingdingsArialBlends!Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 PhotoMobile Computing COE 446 IS-95Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 11 Slide 12 Slide 13 Slide 14 Slide 15 Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titlesgo ? o {   _PID_HLINKS TemplateType GraphicType Compression ScreenSize ScreenUsage MailAddress HomePage Other DownloadOriginal DownloadIEButton UseBrowserColor BackColor TextColor LinkColor VisitedColorTransparentButton ButtonType ShowNotes NavBtnPos OutputDirA$http://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekdskeshav@cs.cornell.edu(http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/skeshav f3 F:\wwwlink\book\slides\atm_9 ..A   N1,   0     >       0       h$$$$b$W'=nb$2 K>.46 2kPnb$Q`tsj.&Í"b$W4aGuμA;&b$ O\Q[ʘN_ b$x.{?cOԟVb$ Ć9ٗ|Q s$b$ >%5O`ob$9z`Q /KA 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mg4FdFdl; 0Bp| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7d$: 0p p       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{}~*<ʚ;q8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 #___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9p/ 0TEB?Z 7/12/2004 ,Communication NetworksO =`+!-Mobile Computing COE 446 IS-95* $;Tarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek <P<p 0:7 Soft handoff refers to the process by which an MT is in communication with multiple candidate BSs before finally deciding to communicate its traffic through one of them The reason for implementing soft handoff has its basis in the near-far problem and the associated power control mechanism If an MT moves far away from a BS and continues to increase its transmit power to compensate for the nearfar problem, it will very likely end up in an unstable situation It will also cause a lot of interference to MTs in neighboring cells  P>^(jG To avoid this situation and ensure that an MT is connected to the BS with the largest RSS, a soft handoff strategy is implemented An MT will continuously track all BSs nearby and communicate with multiple BSs for a short while if necessary before deciding which BS to select as its point of attachment In the IS-95 standard, three types of soft handoffs are defined The softer handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of the same cell Bo ZL Zo:,&8 The soft handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of different cells The soft-softer handoff: the candidates for handoff include two sectors from the same cell and a third sector from a different cell In all cases. the handoff decision mechanism is more or less the same The soft handoff procedure involves several base stations A controlling primary BS coordinates the addition or deletion of other base stations to the call during soft handoff < P8d;< The primary BS uses a handoff direction message (HDM) to indicate the pilot channels to be used or removed as part of the soft handoff process At some point of time, the primary BS is also changed after handoff. The signals from multiple BSs are combined in the BSC or MSC and processed as a single call This process is achieved using a frame selector join message The MT detects a pilot signal from a new BS and informs the primary BS After a traffic channel is set up with the new BS, the frame selector join message is used to select signal from both BSs at the BSC/MSC After a while, the pilot signal from the old BS starts falling, and the MT will request its removal, which is achieved via a frame selector remove message P,;=> .The pilot channels of each cell are involved in the handoff mechanism The reason behind this is that this is the only channel not subject to power control and provides a measure of the RSS The MT maintains a list of pilot channels that it can hear and classifies them into the following four categories The active set: consists of pilots that are being continuously monitored or used by the MT The MT has three RAKE fingers that allows it to monitor or use up to three pilots The active set pilot channels are indicated in the HDM on the downlink by the BS f P P P/MN? The Candidate set: can have at most six pilots, and these refer to pilots that are not in the active set but that have sufficient RSS to be demodulated and used in demodulating the associated traffic channels The Neighbor set: contains pilots that belong to neighboring cells and are intimated to the MT by a system parameters message on the paging channel The Remaining set: contains all other possible pilots in the system The receiver uses a RAKE to capture multipath components, it employs search windows to track each of the sets of pilot channels Several thresholds are used in the soft handoff procedure. These are similar to the RSS thresholds discussed in Chapter 6 R P/ A |The MT maintains a list of pilots that are being used in the active set Initially the MT is connected to one BS and only its pilot and the multipath components of the pilot are in the active set As the MT moves away, the pilot of the adjacent cell becomes stronger If its strength is above the pilot detection threshold (T_ADD), this pilot must be added to the active set and the MT enters a soft handoff region If the pilot detection threshold is too small, there may be false alarms caused by noise or interfering signals If the pilot detection threshold is too large, useful pilots are not detected, and the call may be dropped } P} E As soon as the strength of the pilot exceeds T_ADD, it is transferred to the candidate set and the MT sends the pilot strength measurement to the BS that is transmitting the pilot. The BS sends a handoff direction message to the MT at which time the pilot is transferred to the active set The MT acquires a traffic channel and sends a handoff completion message After the pilot strength drops below T_DROP, the handoff drop timer is started : ndP ndPB If the strength is still below T_DROP after the timer expires, the MT sends another pilot strength measurement to the BS associated with the pilot When it receives the corresponding HDM without the pilot in it, the MT moves the pilot to the neighbor set MT sends a handoff completion message At some point, the BS may send it a neighbor update list message that no longer contains the pilot and it is moved into the remaining set " ndPCD In CDMA systems, Co-channel and adjacent channel interference are not the major problem The interference is from other users transmitting in the same frequency band at the same time In order to avoid the near-far effect, it is important to implement good power control In order to maintain a good link quality, effects such as fading need to be countered by increasing the transmit power An important factor is that the signal strength may be good, but frames are still received in error because of interference PH Before a traffic channel is assigned, there is no closed loop power control in CDMA because the closed loop power control involves feedback from the BS that is delivered on the traffic channel 800 times per second An MT uses the transmit power that is inversely proportional to the received signal strength of pilots from all BSs An acknowledgment may not be received because of collisions or because the transmit power was low If no acknowledgement is received, a stronger access probe is transmitted . PGJ This is continued a few times, and then the attempt is stopped after a maximum power level is reached Then the process is repeated after a back-off delay up to 15 attempts to obtain a traffic channel Disadvantages The assumption that the forward and reverse link characteristics are identical, Slow response times (30 ms), and Using the total power received from all BSs in calculating the required transmit power N P P Ps.K Inner-loop power control It enables changing the transmit power value in the MT On the downlink traffic channel, a power control bit is transmitted every 1.25 ms (800 times per second) A zero bit indicates that the MS should increase its transmit power and a 1 that the MS should decrease its transmit power Every 1.25 ms, in the BS, the receiver determines the received Eb/It (the signal to interference ratio) If Eb/It is above a preset target, the MT is instructed to reduce its power by 1 dB and vise versa  P P\  )  ^,u+aL Outer-loop power control The target value in the base station controls the long-term frame error rate The FER is not linearly dependent on the Eb/It but is also a function of the velocity, fading, environment The target Eb/It is varied over time to reflect accurate values Eb/It is reduced by a value of x dB every 20 ms if the FER is small enough Typically, the value of 100x is 3 dB. The target value may be rapidly increased if the FER starts to increase This mechanism to change the target Eb/It is called the outer-loop power control. , P Pw  I  1  Fw  'PK3.IM Power control on the forward link is employed to reduce intercell interference A mobile assisted power control is used The MS periodically reports the FER on the forward link to the BS station, which will then adjust its transmit power accordingly Maximum and minimum transmit power values are preset to prevent excessive interference and to avoid allowing voice quality to drop respectively  P8 HPrF-"k1se(  x r;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 Photop8www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTTBܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ *x*$T'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0       h$$$$b$W'=nb$2 K>.46 2kPnb$Q`tsj.&Í"b$W4aGuμA;&b$ O\Q[ʘN_ b$x.{?cOԟVb$ Ć9ٗ|Q s$b$ >%5O`ob$9z`Q /KA 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mg4FdFdB 0Bp| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7dB 0p p *<ʚ;q8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 #___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9p/ 0TEB?Z 7/12/2004 ,Communication NetworksO =^+!-Mobile Computing COE 446 IS-95* $;Tarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek <P<p 0:7 Soft handoff refers to the process by which an MT is in communication with multiple candidate BSs before finally deciding to communicate its traffic through one of them The reason for implementing soft handoff has its basis in the near-far problem and the associated power control mechanism If an MT moves far away from a BS and continues to increase its transmit power to compensate for the nearfar problem, it will very likely end up in an unstable situation It will also cause a lot of interference to MTs in neighboring cells  P>^(jG To avoid this situation and ensure that an MT is connected to the BS with the largest RSS, a soft handoff strategy is implemented An MT will continuously track all BSs nearby and communicate with multiple BSs for a short while if necessary before deciding which BS to select as its point of attachment In the IS-95 standard, three types of soft handoffs are defined The softer handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of the same cell Bo ZL Zo:,&8 The soft handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of different cells The soft-softer handoff: the candidates for handoff include two sectors from the same cell and a third sector from a different cell In all cases, the handoff decision mechanism is more or less the same The soft handoff procedure involves several base stations A controlling primary BS coordinates the addition or deletion of other base stations to the call during soft handoff < P8d;< The primary BS uses a handoff direction message (HDM) to indicate the pilot channels to be used or removed as part of the soft handoff process At some point of time, the primary BS is also changed after handoff. The signals from multiple BSs are combined in the BSC or MSC and processed as a single call This process is achieved using a frame selector join message The MT detects a pilot signal from a new BS and informs the primary BS After a traffic channel is set up with the new BS, the frame selector join message is used to select signal from both BSs at the BSC/MSC After a while, the pilot signal from the old BS starts falling, and the MT will request its removal, which is achieved via a frame selector remove message P,;=> .The pilot channels of each cell are involved in the handoff mechanism The reason behind this is that this is the only channel not subject to power control and provides a measure of the RSS The MT maintains a list of pilot channels that it can hear and classifies them into the following four categories The active set: consists of pilots that are being continuously monitored or used by the MT The MT has three RAKE fingers that allows it to monitor or use up to three pilots The active set pilot channels are indicated in the HDM on the downlink by the BS f P P P/MN? The Candidate set: can have at most six pilots, and these refer to pilots that are not in the active set but that have sufficient RSS to be demodulated and used in demodulating the associated traffic channels The Neighbor set: contains pilots that belong to neighboring cells and are intimated to the MT by a system parameters message on the paging channel The Remaining set: contains all other possible pilots in the system The receiver uses a RAKE to capture multipath components, it employs search windows to track each of the sets of pilot channels Several thresholds are used in the soft handoff procedure. These are similar to the RSS thresholds discussed in Chapter 6 R P/ A |The MT maintains a list of pilots that are being used in the active set Initially the MT is connected to one BS and only its pilot and the multipath components of the pilot are in the active set As the MT moves away, the pilot of the adjacent cell becomes stronger If its strength is above the pilot detection threshold (T_ADD), this pilot must be added to the active set and the MT enters a soft handoff region If the pilot detection threshold is too small, there may be false alarms caused by noise or interfering signals If the pilot detection threshold is too large, useful pilots are not detected, and the call may be dropped } P} E As soon as the strength of the pilot exceeds T_ADD, it is transferred to the candidate set and the MT sends the pilot strength measurement to the BS that is transmitting the pilot. The BS sends a handoff direction message to the MT at which time the pilot is transferred to the active set The MT acquires a traffic channel and sends a handoff completion message After the pilot strength drops below T_DROP, the handoff drop timer is started : ndP ndPB If the strength is still below T_DROP after the timer expires, the MT sends another pilot strength measurement to the BS associated with the pilot When it receives the corresponding HDM without the pilot in it, the MT moves the pilot to the neighbor set MT sends a handoff completion message At some point, the BS may send it a neighbor update list message that no longer contains the pilot and it is moved into the remaining set " ndPCD In CDMA systems, Co-channel and adjacent channel interference are not the major problem The interference is from other users transmitting in the same frequency band at the same time In order to avoid the near-far effect, it is important to implement good power control In order to maintain a good link quality, effects such as fading need to be countered by increasing the transmit power An important factor is that the signal strength may be good, but frames are still received in error because of interference PH Before a traffic channel is assigned, there is no closed loop power control in CDMA because the closed loop power control involves feedback from the BS that is delivered on the traffic channel 800 times per second An MT uses the transmit power that is inversely proportional to the received signal strength of pilots from all BSs An acknowledgment may not be received because of collisions or because the transmit power was low If no acknowledgement is received, a stronger access probe is transmitted . PGJ This is continued a few times, and then the attempt is stopped after a maximum power level is reached Then the process is repeated after a back-off delay up to 15 attempts to obtain a traffic channel Disadvantages The assumption that the forward and reverse link characteristics are identical, Slow response times (30 ms), and Using the total power received from all BSs in calculating the required transmit power N P P Ps.K Inner-loop power control It enables changing the transmit power value in the MT On the downlink traffic channel, a power control bit is transmitted every 1.25 ms (800 times per second) A zero bit indicates that the MS should increase its transmit power and a 1 that the MS should decrease its transmit power Every 1.25 ms, in the BS, the receiver determines the received Eb/It (the signal to interference ratio) If Eb/It is above a preset target, the MT is instructed to reduce its power by 1 dB and vise versa  P P\  )  ^,u+aL Outer-loop power control The target value in the base station controls the long-term frame error rate The FER is not linearly dependent on the Eb/It but is also a function of the velocity, fading, environment The target Eb/It is varied over time to reflect accurate values Eb/It is reduced by a value of x dB every 20 ms if the FER is small enough Typically, the value of 100x is 3 dB. The target value may be rapidly increased if the FER starts to increase This mechanism to change the target Eb/It is called the outer-loop power control. , P Pw  I  1  Fw  'PK3.IM tPower control on the forward link is employed to reduce intercell interference A mobile assisted power control is used The MS periodically reports the FER to the BS station, which will then adjust its transmit power accordingly Maximum and minimum transmit power values are preset to prevent excessive interference and to avoid allowing voice quality to drop respectively u Pu,8 ZP  0` 33PP` 3333` ___MMM` 13` 333fpKNāvI` j@v۩ῑ΂H` Q_{>?" dd@,?n<d@ `7 `2@`7``2 n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>   H N (  H  H <P#E" F A   H T('Ed" F A   H <4+E"U_ F A   H T8/Ed">& F A   H N1E"P F A   H <5E"p F A   H C x8E?d?"bUv F A    H 6$E "  E RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    S >  H 6@DE "@n EVN___PPT90(@@ T**   H 6KE "@`  E F* P  H 6JE "`` EH@___PPT9"@ t*, # H  BA ;??" ;B H s *޽h ? 33z33y___PPT10Y+D=' J= @B +  Blends  0 (    ZdF ?? d*Soft Handoff (Cont d) 6x  c $F H )I/ F H  0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.p+D=' J= @B +  0 -%P((  ( ( ZE ??u k#Forward Link Power Control in IS-95,$*#$$ ( c $DE H 9G E 0H ( 0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.p+D=' J= @B +r kmr-k1d(  x t;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 Photop8www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTTpyܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ *x*$T'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0       h$$$$b$W'=nb$2 K>.46 2kPnb$Q`tsj.&Í"b$W4aGuμA;&b$ O\Q[ʘN_ b$x.{?cOԟVb$ Ć9ٗ|Q s$b$ >%5O`ob$9z`Q /KA 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mg4FdFd$ 0np| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7dP 0p p *<ʚ;dt8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 #___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9p/ 0TEB?Z 7/12/2004 ,Communication NetworksO =o*!-Mobile Computing COE 446 IS-95* $;Tarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek <P<p 0:7Soft handoff refers to the process by which an MT is in communication with multiple candidate BSs before finally deciding to communicate its traffic through one of them The reason for implementing soft handoff has its basis in the near-far problem and the associated power control mechanism If an MT moves far away from a BS and continues to increase its transmit power to compensate for the nearfar problem, it will very likely end up in an unstable situation It will also cause a lot of interference to MTs in neighboring cells  P>^(jGTo avoid this situation and ensure that an MT is connected to the BS with the largest RSS, a soft handoff strategy is implemented An MT will continuously track all BSs nearby and communicate with multiple BSs for a short while if necessary before deciding which BS to select as its point of attachment In the IS-95 standard, three types of soft handoffs are defined The softer handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of the same cell Bo ZL Zo:,&8The soft handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of different cells The soft-softer handoff: the candidates for handoff include two sectors from the same cell and a third sector from a different cell In all cases, the handoff decision mechanism is more or less the same The soft handoff procedure involves several base stations A controlling primary BS coordinates the addition or deletion of other base stations to the call during soft handoff < P8d;<The primary BS uses a handoff direction message (HDM) to indicate the pilot channels to be used or removed as part of the soft handoff process At some point of time, the primary BS is also changed after handoff. The signals from multiple BSs are combined in the BSC or MSC and processed as a single call This process is achieved using a frame selector join message The MT detects a pilot signal from a new BS and informs the primary BS After a traffic channel is set up with the new BS, the frame selector join message is used to select signal from both BSs at the BSC/MSC After a while, the pilot signal from the old BS starts falling, and the MT will request its removal, which is achieved via a frame selector remove message P,;=>,The pilot channels of each cell are involved in the handoff mechanism The reason behind this is that it is the only channel not subject to power control and provides a measure of the RSS The MT maintains a list of pilot channels that it can hear and classifies them into the following four categories The active set: consists of pilots that are being continuously monitored or used by the MT The MT has three RAKE fingers that allows it to monitor or use up to three pilots The active set pilot channels are indicated in the HDM on the downlink by the BS f P P P-MeN?The Candidate set: can have at most six pilots, and these refer to pilots that are not in the active set but that have sufficient RSS to be demodulated and used in demodulating the associated traffic channels The Neighbor set: contains pilots that belong to neighboring cells and are intimated to the MT by a system parameters message on the paging channel The Remaining set: contains all other possible pilots in the system The receiver uses a RAKE to capture multipath components, it employs search windows to track each of the sets of pilot channels Several thresholds are used in the soft handoff procedure. These are similar to the RSS thresholds discussed in Chapter 6 R P/ A|The MT maintains a list of pilots that are being used in the active set Initially the MT is connected to one BS and only its pilot and the multipath components of the pilot are in the active set As the MT moves away, the pilot of the adjacent cell becomes stronger If its strength is above the pilot detection threshold (T_ADD), this pilot must be added to the active set and the MT enters a soft handoff region If the pilot detection threshold is too small, there may be false alarms caused by noise or interfering signals If the pilot detection threshold is too large, useful pilots are not detected, and the call may be dropped } P} EAs soon as the strength of the pilot exceeds T_ADD, it is transferred to the candidate set and the MT sends the pilot strength measurement to the BS that is transmitting the pilot The BS sends a handoff direction message to the MT at which time the pilot is transferred to the active set The MT acquires a traffic channel and sends a handoff completion message After the pilot strength drops below T_DROP, the handoff drop timer is started : ndP ndPBIf the strength is still below T_DROP after the timer expires, the MT sends another pilot strength measurement to the BS associated with the pilot When it receives the corresponding HDM without the pilot in it, the MT moves the pilot to the neighbor set MT sends a handoff completion message At some point, the BS may send it a neighbor update list message that no longer contains the pilot and it is moved into the remaining set " ndPCDIn CDMA systems, Co-channel and adjacent channel interference are not the major problem The interference is from other users transmitting in the same frequency band at the same time In order to avoid the near-far effect, it is important to implement good power control In order to maintain a good link quality, effects such as fading need to be countered by increasing the transmit power An important factor is that the signal strength may be good, but frames are still received in error because of interference PHBefore a traffic channel is assigned, there is no closed loop power control in CDMA because the closed loop power control involves feedback from the BS that is delivered on the traffic channel 800 times per second An MT uses the transmit power that is inversely proportional to the received signal strength of pilots from all BSs An acknowledgment may not be received because of collisions or because the transmit power was low If no acknowledgement is received, a stronger access probe is transmitted . PGJThis is continued a few times, and then the attempt is stopped after a maximum power level is reached Then the process is repeated after a back-off delay up to 15 attempts to obtain a traffic channel Disadvantages The assumption that the forward and reverse link characteristics are identical, Slow response times (30 ms), and Using the total power received from all BSs in calculating the required transmit power N P P Ps.KInner-loop power control It enables changing the transmit power value in the MT On the downlink traffic channel, a power control bit is transmitted every 1.25 ms (800 times per second) A zero bit indicates that the MS should increase its transmit power and a 1 that the MS should decrease its transmit power Every 1.25 ms, in the BS, the receiver determines the received Eb/It (the signal to interference ratio) If Eb/It is above a preset target, the MT is instructed to reduce its power by 1 dB and vise versa  P P\  )  ^,u+aLOuter-loop power control The target value in the base station controls the long-term frame error rate The FER is not linearly dependent on the Eb/It but is also a function of the velocity, fading, environment The target Eb/It is varied over time to reflect accurate values Eb/It is reduced by a value of x dB every 20 ms if the FER is small enough Typically, the value of 100x is 3 dB. The target value may be rapidly increased if the FER starts to increase This mechanism to change the target Eb/It is called the outer-loop power control. , P Pw  I  1  Fw  'PK3.IM tPower control on the forward link is employed to reduce intercell interference A mobile assisted power control is used The MS periodically reports the FER to the BS station, which will then adjust its transmit power accordingly Maximum and minimum transmit power values are preset to prevent excessive interference and to avoid allowing voice quality to drop respectively u Pu8 4P  0 (    Z, ?? f*Soft Handoff (Cont d) *6x  c $< H )I/  H  0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.p+D=' = @B +  0 0(    Z ?? f*Soft Handoff (Cont d) *6x  c $ H  a  H  0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.p+D=' = @B +  0 2*(    Zб ??D7 p*Using Various Thresholds in Soft Handoffs *+*)   c $ H 9G  0H  0޽h ? 33z33___PPT10i.p+D=' = @B +r ~MPS>V1d(  x t;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 Photop8www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTTpyܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ *x*$T'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0       h$$$$b$W'=nb$2 K>.46 2kPnb$Q`tsj.&Í"b$W4aGuμA;&b$ O\Q[ʘN_ b$x.{?cOԟVb$ Ć9ٗ|Q s$b$ >%5O`ob$9z`Q /KA 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mg4FdFd$ 0p| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7dP 0p p *<ʚ;dt8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 #___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9p/ 0TEB?Z 7/12/2004 ,Communication NetworksO =o*!-Mobile Computing COE 446 IS-95* $;Tarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek <P<p 0:7Soft handoff refers to the process by which an MT is in communication with multiple candidate BSs before finally deciding to communicate its traffic through one of them The reason for implementing soft handoff has its basis in the near-far problem and the associated power control mechanism If an MT moves far away from a BS and continues to increase its transmit power to compensate for the nearfar problem, it will very likely end up in an unstable situation It will also cause a lot of interference to MTs in neighboring cells  P>^(jGTo avoid this situation and ensure that an MT is connected to the BS with the largest RSS, a soft handoff strategy is implemented An MT will continuously track all BSs nearby and communicate with multiple BSs for a short while if necessary before deciding which BS to select as its point of attachment In the IS-95 standard, three types of soft handoffs are defined The softer handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of the same cell Bo ZL Zo:,&8The soft handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of different cells The soft-softer handoff: the candidates for handoff include two sectors from the same cell and a third sector from a different cell In all cases, the handoff decision mechanism is more or less the same The soft handoff procedure involves several base stations A controlling primary BS coordinates the addition or deletion of other base stations to the call during soft handoff < P8d;<The primary BS uses a handoff direction message (HDM) to indicate the pilot channels to be used or removed as part of the soft handoff process At some point of time, the primary BS is also changed after handoff. The signals from multiple BSs are combined in the BSC or MSC and processed as a single call This process is achieved using a frame selector join message The MT detects a pilot signal from a new BS and informs the primary BS After a traffic channel is set up with the new BS, the frame selector join message is used to select signal from both BSs at the BSC/MSC After a while, the pilot signal from the old BS starts falling, and the MT will request its removal, which is achieved via a frame selector remove message P,;=>,The pilot channels of each cell are involved in the handoff mechanism The reason behind this is that it is the only channel not subject to power control and provides a measure of the RSS The MT maintains a list of pilot channels that it can hear and classifies them into the following four categories The active set: consists of pilots that are being continuously monitored or used by the MT The MT has three RAKE fingers that allows it to monitor or use up to three pilots The active set pilot channels are indicated in the HDM on the downlink by the BS f P P P-MeN?The Candidate set: can have at most six pilots, and these refer to pilots that are not in the active set but that have sufficient RSS to be demodulated and used in demodulating the associated traffic channels The Neighbor set: contains pilots that belong to neighboring cells and are intimated to the MT by a system parameters message on the paging channel The Remaining set: contains all other possible pilots in the system The receiver uses a RAKE to capture multipath components, it employs search windows to track each of the sets of pilot channels Several thresholds are used in the soft handoff procedure. These are similar to the RSS thresholds discussed in Chapter 6 R P/ A|The MT maintains a list of pilots that are being used in the active set Initially the MT is connected to one BS and only its pilot and the multipath components of the pilot are in the active set As the MT moves away, the pilot of the adjacent cell becomes stronger If its strength is above the pilot detection threshold (T_ADD), this pilot must be added to the active set and the MT enters a soft handoff region If the pilot detection threshold is too small, there may be false alarms caused by noise or interfering signals If the pilot detection threshold is too large, useful pilots are not detected, and the call may be dropped } P} EAs soon as the strength of the pilot exceeds T_ADD, it is transferred to the candidate set and the MT sends the pilot strength measurement to the BS that is transmitting the pilot The BS sends a handoff direction message to the MT at which time the pilot is transferred to the active set The MT acquires a traffic channel and sends a handoff completion message After the pilot strength drops below T_DROP, the handoff drop timer is started : ndP ndPBIf the strength is still below T_DROP after the timer expires, the MT sends another pilot strength measurement to the BS associated with the pilot When it receives the corresponding HDM without the pilot in it, the MT moves the pilot to the neighbor set MT sends a handoff completion message At some point, the BS may send it a neighbor update list message that no longer contains the pilot and it is moved into the remaining set " ndPCDIn CDMA systems, Co-channel and adjacent channel interference are not the major problem The interference is from other users transmitting in the same frequency band at the same time In order to avoid the near-far effect, it is important to implement good power control In order to maintain a good link quality, effects such as fading need to be countered by increasing the transmit power An important factor is that the signal strength may be good, but frames are still received in error because of interference PHBefore a traffic channel is assigned, there is no closed loop power control in CDMA because the closed loop power control involves feedback from the BS that is delivered on the traffic channel 800 times per second An MT uses the transmit power that is inversely proportional to the received signal strength of pilots from all BSs An acknowledgment may not be received because of collisions or because the transmit power was low If no acknowledgement is received, a stronger access probe is transmitted . PGJThis is continued a few times, and then the attempt is stopped after a maximum power level is reached Then the process is repeated after a back-off delay up to 15 attempts to obtain a traffic channel Disadvantages The assumption that the forward and reverse link characteristics are identical, Slow response times (30 ms), and Using the total power received from all BSs in calculating the required transmit power N P P Ps.KInner-loop power control It enables changing the transmit power value in the MT On the downlink traffic channel, a power control bit is transmitted every 1.25 ms (800 times per second) A zero bit indicates that the MS should increase its transmit power and a 1 that the MS should decrease its transmit power Every 1.25 ms, in the BS, the receiver determines the received Eb/It (the signal to interference ratio) If Eb/It is above a preset target, the MT is instructed to reduce its power by 1 dB and vise versa  P P\  )  ^,u+aLOuter-loop power control The target value in the base station controls the long-term frame error rate The FER is not linearly dependent on the Eb/It but is also a function of the velocity, fading, environment The target Eb/It is varied over time to reflect accurate values Eb/It is reduced by a value of x dB every 20 ms if the FER is small enough Typically, the value of 100x is 3 dB. The target value may be rapidly increased if the FER starts to increase This mechanism to change the target Eb/It is called the outer-loop power control. , P Pw  I  1  Fw  'PK3.IM tPower control on the forward link is employed to reduce intercell interference A mobile assisted power control is used The MS periodically reports the FER to the BS station, which will then adjust its transmit power accordingly Maximum and minimum transmit power values are preset to prevent excessive interference and to avoid allowing voice quality to drop respectively u Pu8 4PrV>V1bd(  x t;0$Photo Editor Photo MSPhotoEd.30@Microsoft Photo Editor 3.0 Photop8www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekFhttp://www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarekn/ 0|DTimes New RomanTTpyܖ 0ܖDTimes New Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ DTahomaew Roman (Hebrew) 0ܖ"0DWingdingsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ@DArialngsRoman (Hebrew) 0ܖ A.@  @@``  @n?" dd@  @@``_@,whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ *x*$T'! $   ,L#%)! I@)*jGg"2&pZ :GKY&~fE  >A   N1,   0     >       0       h$$$$b$W'=nb$2 K>.46 2kPnb$Q`tsj.&Í"b$W4aGuμA;&b$ O\Q[ʘN_ b$x.{?cOԟVb$ Ć9ٗ|Q s$b$ >%5O`ob$9z`Q /KA 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E? ff3f@mg4FdFd$ 0p| p@  <4dd x 0T<4dd x 0Tg47d7dP 0p p *<ʚ;dt8ʚ;<4dddd  x 0 #___PPT10e ZZ." tarek....6___PPT9p/ 0TEB?Z 7/12/2004 ,Communication NetworksO =M*!-Mobile Computing COE 446 IS-95* $;Tarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/~tarek <P<p 0:7Soft handoff refers to the process by which an MT is in communication with multiple candidate BSs before finally deciding to communicate its traffic through one of them The reason for implementing soft handoff has its basis in the near-far problem and the associated power control mechanism If an MT moves far away from a BS and continues to increase its transmit power to compensate for the nearfar problem, it will very likely end up in an unstable situation It will also cause a lot of interference to MTs in neighboring cells  P>^(jGTo avoid this situation and ensure that an MT is connected to the BS with the largest RSS, a soft handoff strategy is implemented An MT will continuously track all BSs nearby and communicate with multiple BSs for a short while if necessary before deciding which BS to select as its point of attachment In the IS-95 standard, three types of soft handoffs are defined The softer handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of the same cell Bo ZL Zo:,&8The soft handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of different cells The soft-softer handoff: the candidates for handoff include two sectors from the same cell and a third sector from a different cell In all cases, the handoff decision mechanism is more or less the same The soft handoff procedure involves several base stations A controlling primary BS coordinates the addition or deletion of other base stations to the call during soft handoff < P8d;<The primary BS uses a handoff direction message (HDM) to indicate the pilot channels to be used or removed as part of the soft handoff process At some point of time, the primary BS is also changed after handoff. The signals from multiple BSs are combined in the BSC or MSC and processed as a single call This process is achieved using a frame selector join message The MT detects a pilot signal from a new BS and informs the primary BS After a traffic channel is set up with the new BS, the frame selector join message is used to select signal from both BSs at the BSC/MSC After a while, the pilot signal from the old BS starts falling, and the MT will request its removal, which is achieved via a frame selector remove message P,;=>,The pilot channels of each cell are involved in the handoff mechanism The reason behind this is that it is the only channel not subject to power control and provides a measure of the RSS The MT maintains a list of pilot channels that it can hear and classifies them into the following four categories The active set: consists of pilots that are being continuously monitored or used by the MT The MT has three RAKE fingers that allows it to monitor or use up to three pilots The active set pilot channels are indicated in the HDM on the downlink by the BS f P P P-MN?The Candidate set: can have at most six pilots, and these refer to pilots that are not in the active set but that have sufficient RSS to be demodulated and used in demodulating the associated traffic channels The Neighbor set: contains pilots that belong to neighboring cells and are intimated to the MT by a system parameters message on the paging channel The Remaining set: contains all other possible pilots in the system The receiver uses a RAKE to capture multipath components, it employs search windows to track each of the sets of pilot channels Several thresholds are used in the soft handoff procedure. These are similar to the RSS thresholds discussed in Chapter 6 R P/ A|The MT maintains a list of pilots that are being used in the active set Initially the MT is connected to one BS and only its pilot and the multipath components of the pilot are in the active set As the MT moves away, the pilot of the adjacent cell becomes stronger If its strength is above the pilot detection threshold (T_ADD), this pilot must be added to the active set and the MT enters a soft handoff region If the pilot detection threshold is too small, there may be false alarms caused by noise or interfering signals If the pilot detection threshold is too large, useful pilots are not detected, and the call may be dropped } P} EAs soon as the strength of the pilot exceeds T_ADD, it is transferred to the candidate set and the MT sends the pilot strength measurement to the BS that is transmitting the pilot The BS sends a handoff direction message to the MT at which time the pilot is transferred to the active set The MT acquires a traffic channel and sends a handoff completion message After the pilot strength drops below T_DROP, the handoff drop timer is started : ndP ndPBIf the strength is still below T_DROP after the timer expires, the MT sends another pilot strength measurement to the BS associated with the pilot When it receives the corresponding HDM without the pilot in it, the MT moves the pilot to the neighbor set MT sends a handoff completion message At some point, the BS may send it a neighbor update list message that no longer contains the pilot and it is moved into the remaining set " ndPCDIn CDMA systems, Co-channel and adjacent channel interference are not the major problem The interference is from other users transmitting in the same frequency band at the same time In order to avoid the near-far effect, it is important to implement good power control In order to maintain a good link quality, effects such as fading need to be countered by increasing the transmit power An important factor is that the signal strength may be good, but frames are still received in error because of interference PHBefore a traffic channel is assigned, there is no closed loop power control in CDMA because the closed loop power control involves feedback from the BS that is delivered on the traffic channel 800 times per second An MT uses the transmit power that is inversely proportional to the received signal strength of pilots from all BSs An acknowledgment may not be received because of collisions or because the transmit power was low If no acknowledgement is received, a stronger access probe is transmitted . PGJThis is continued a few times, and then the attempt is stopped after a maximum power level is reached Then the process is repeated after a back-off delay up to 15 attempts to obtain a traffic channel Disadvantages The assumption that the forward and reverse link characteristics are identical, Slow response times (30 ms), and Using the total power received from all BSs in calculating the required transmit power N P P Ps.KInner-loop power control It enables changing the transmit power value in the MT On the downlink traffic channel, a power control bit is transmitted every 1.25 ms (800 times per second) A zero bit indicates that the MS should increase its transmit power and a 1 that the MS should decrease its transmit power Every 1.25 ms, in the BS, the receiver determines the received Eb/It (the signal to interference ratio) If Eb/It is above a preset target, the MT is instructed to reduce its power by 1 dB and vise versa  P P\  )  ^,u+aLOuter-loop power control The target value in the base station controls the long-term frame error rate The FER is not linearly dependent on the Eb/It but is also a function of the velocity, fading, environment The target Eb/It is varied over time to reflect accurate values Eb/It is reduced by a value of x dB every 20 ms if the FER is small enough Typically, the value of 100x is 3 dB. The target value may be rapidly increased if the FER starts to increase This mechanism to change the target Eb/It is called the outer-loop power control. , P Pw  I  1  Fw  'PK3.IM tPower control on the forward link is employed to reduce intercell interference A mobile assisted power control is used The MS periodically reports the FER to the BS station, which will then adjust its transmit power accordingly Maximum and minimum transmit power values are preset to prevent excessive interference and to avoid allowing voice quality to drop respectively u Pu8 4PrM) 1